How to Prevent Drug Abuse - 1970 Words

How to Prevent Drug Abuse If you are wondering how to prevent drug abuse problems for your loved one, the answer is family involvement. One’s involvement in their family is the key to preventing drug abuse. Families play the most important role in determining how children handle the temptations to use alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs. Typically, substance abuse prevention programs for youth are part of school efforts, public television campaigns, or local police initiatives. But a new effort in how to prevent drug abuse is starting in many communities. It focuses on preventing substance abuse by helping families. Be a part of it from the very first step! We all need to work together including the following: * Parents who want to protect†¦show more content†¦Researchers agree that drug abuse prevention programs should not only cover all drugs, but also provide information on the specific drugs plaguing the community at hand. This way the information feels relevant to the audience and illustrates a knowledge and concern for their personal struggles. Drug abuse prevention efforts should also be set to cater to the audiences age group and the issues that affect that demographic. 4. Create an Open Dialogue Going through major life transitions like a move, death or divorce can increase ones risk of drug abuse. Because of this, researchers say it is important that parents create open and honest lines of communication with their children. Be sure to make time to bond and talk with your child on a regular basis. If you do this, experts say your child will be more apt to come to you if they are confronted with or become curious about drugs. This is one of the most effective ways to prevent drug abuse. http://www.livestrong.com/article/761-prevent-drug-abuse/ http://www.ehow.com/about_5369667_alternatives-imprisonment-drug-abuse.html Alternatives to Drug abuse is an issue that can affect not only the persons physical well-being but surrounding circumstances as well. The control that drug abuse has over a user cannot be overstated, as it often causes behavior a person never would normally exhibit. Drug abuse creates a vicious circle in which the craving for more drugs drives aShow MoreRelatedDrug Abuse And Its Effects1701 Words   |  7 PagesDrug abuse has been an issue since before the 20th century. Various artists, such as Elvis Presley and the Rolling Stones were addicted to drugs in the 1960s and 1970s. Today, in the 21st century, substance abuse is more common. Drug abuse can affect people in various aspects of life. In the following paragraphs you will read about circumstances that lead to drug abuse, how the environment that one lives in can promote drug use, how drug abuse affects people in different stages of their livesRead MorePrescription Drug Use And Drug Abuse1691 Words   |  7 PagesPrescription drug abuse is an ongoing problem in rural teens. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health suggests that 13% of teens between the ages of 12-17 have experimented with nonmedical prescription drugs at some point in their lives. Researchers have identified several factors linked with nonmedical prescription drug use such as their school enrollment status, history of depression, and a two parent household presence (Gever, 2010). Nonmedical prescription drug abuse has been the rise, inRead MoreMandatory Drug Testing for High School Athletes Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pagesdictionary defines a drug as ‘any substance that when taken into the living organism may modify one or more of its functions’† (Newton 12). However, when speaking of drug testing for abuse a person is usually thinking about illegal drugs or drugs that can alter athletic performance in sporting events. Mandatory drug testing was not allowed in public schools until June 2002 when the Supreme Court allowed for public schools to do random drug testing (Carroll 23). This decision allowed for drug testing inRead MoreHow Can Kids Best Be Convinced Not For Do Drugs?1115 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 2015 How Can Kids Best Be Convinced Not To Do Drugs? Drugs have been a rapidly growing problem for kids and teenagers over the years. Though there is no sure way to prevent the use of them, there are many precautions that can be taken to reduce, or eliminate the chances. The effects of taking drugs is far too dangerous to sit back and ignore. There are things that can be done today to prevent drug abuse among children in the future. The most common way to prevent drug abuse is simply byRead MorePaper On Opioid Abuse759 Words   |  4 Pagespopulation about opioid dependence and misuse. It is important to educate the audience about the far-reaching effects of this problem, tips on how to manage prescription medication using the File of Life program, ways to safeguard medication from theft, properly disposing unused or expired medication, identifying signs of drug addiction in a loved one and how to get them help. Target Audience A group of twelve adults over 65 years of age at The Watermark retirement community, 3030 Park Avenue, BridgeportRead MorePrescription Drugs And The United States1749 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to IMS Health (2015) over 4.3 billion prescription drugs were dispensed in the United States and Narconon (2015) reports that the decade ending in 2008 saw a four hundred percent increase in people seeking treatment for opioid addiction. Prescription drug abuse is an epidemic that transcends all socioeconomic boundaries in our society and is destroying lives, families, and whole communities, especially those most vulnerable; the physically and mentally ill. For one to better understandRead MoreDeviance Theory and Drug Use1619 Words   |  7 PagesTheories of Deviance Applied to Drug Use Since the dawn of society there have been people whose behavior differed from the rest of society. There are many different theories and perspectives on why people do things like abuse drugs, and although we my never have all the answers, sociology still help us to understand the problem better. In order to understand the theories of deviance, and apply them to drug use in our society one must first understand what deviance is. Alex Thio defines devianceRead MorePersuasive Essay On Sex Education1532 Words   |  7 PagesYork Times).† Although some argue they are too young; sex and drug education should be taught to every student in elementary schools across the nation. Prevention is key; education can teach these children valuable lessons that may save their life. Drug abuse in this country has reached an all new high with some of the most dangerous drugs we have ever encountered, and the ages of these drug addicts are getting younger by the day. Drugs such as Heroin have taken the lives of many across the UnitedRead MoreThe Epidemic Of Opioid Addiction1678 Words   |  7 Pages The United States currently faces an unprecedented epidemic of opioid addiction. This includes painkillers, heroin, and other drugs made from the same base chemical. In the couple of y ears, approximately one out of twenty Americans reported misuse or abuse of prescriptions painkillers. Heroin abuse and overdoses are on the rise and are the leading cause of injury deaths, surpassing car accidents and gun shots. The current problem differs from the opioid addiction outbreaks of the past in thatRead MoreThe Psychological Effects Of Adolescent Substance Abuse1469 Words   |  6 PagesAdolescent substance abuse is one of the largest issues faced by our society today. According to Teenrehab.com, nearly 50% of all high school seniors have abused some form of illicit substance and according to National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism nearly 70% of 18 year olds have at the least tried alcohol. Many more adolescents are trying, and getting addicted to, drugs every year. In my opinion this is one of the most critical issues that we have to address as a society. Summary Response:

Adoption Essay 15 - 1044 Words

Adoption When a person decides to adopt, he takes the responsibility of raising a child who is not biologically his own. There are various reasons why people decide to adopt. Some say adoption is the best thing for certain children and many successful stories prove it to be true. However, there are also numerous tragic reports of adopted children being abused. Basically, what adoption meant, and still means, is that someone (the adoptive couple) is promising to assume all responsibilities for taking care of someone else (Powledge 4). How the adoptive parents go about raising the child is completely up to them. Although there are many different types of families in today s society, one special kind of family that has become more†¦show more content†¦There have been many various surveys taken concerning adoptees. Times reported various horror stories concerning adoption. Some stories include children being poisoned, a child being shaken to death, and children being sexually abu sed (Gay 89). Unfortunately these are just a few examples of many. Adoptees often suffer from attachment disorders, which are more common in older children. These disorders caused by adoption are extremely noticeable and should be taken seriously. These unattached kids often experience unresponsiveness to affection, serious problems with hoarding or stealing food, abnormal eye contact problems, often thinking about blood or fire, and are often overfriendly to strangers (Adamec 73). Also identity and self-image problems are a major cause of distress to adopted children (Harnack 21). Counseling and therapy are highly recommended to help kids deal with these disorders. Even though there are numerous negative stories about adopted kids, there are also lots of success stories. Either way the adoptive parents are totally responsible for the outcome of all situations concerning the child they decide to adopt. Families may have different structures but they are all responsible for providing basic needs (Foster 99). Adoptive parents and biological parents are both fully capable of providing all the basic needs. Some people see adoption as a cruel decision anShow MoreRelatedExamples Of Persuasive Speech On Adoption882 Words   |  4 Pagesand your spouse should look into adoption. Now at this point there some of you that would jump right into to the process of adoption, but there’s others who would have second thoughts, no interest, or fears of adopting a child. The reason being is you’ve probably heard misconceptions or heard horrible stories of adoption. Don’t worry everyone fears something in life, but giving an child another life to live shouldn’t be one. I’m going to convince you that the adoption process is a good, health, andRead MoreSame Sex Adoption1409 Words   |  6 Pagesperson to be an adopted parent. However, many states have enacted laws limiting and in some cases prohibiting, lesbian and gay men from adopting. Adoption of children by lesbian and gay men remains controversial. A court must first find that the best interest of the child will be served by the adoption. Some courts have strongly rejected the notion that adoption by a lesbian or gay parent could ever be in the best interest of a child. This applie s to same sex unions as well. Yet the United States hasRead MoreFinancial Management Coursework1694 Words   |  7 PagesCoursework Header Sheet 198495-125 Course FINA1032: Foundations Scholarship (ACC) Course School/Level BU/PG Coursework Essay Assessment Weight 30.00% Tutor J Molyn, V Chinthalapati, P Ntozi-Obwale Submission Deadline 03/12/2012 ________________________________________ Coursework is receipted on the understanding that it is the student s own work and that it has not, in whole or part, been presented elsewhere for assessment. Where material has been used from otherRead MoreTest Bank E-marketing1750 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Chapter 16: Mobile Marketing and Related Developments MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The adoption stage in which a new product has become a part of the user’s lifestyle is called: a. permanent adoption. b. loyalty. c. internalization. ANS: C REF: p. 441 2. ________ is a product characteristic that determines ease of adoption. a. Relative advantage b. Sustainable advantage c. Substitutability ANS: A REF: p. 441 3. Among the strategic implications of pervasive computingRead MoreAbortion Argumentative Essay : Abortion934 Words   |  4 PagesMaren Goodrich Ms. Jensen English April 29, 2014 Abortion Argumentative Essay On average about 41.6 million unborn children are aborted every year. Abortion is killing an unborn baby and it should be illegal. Abortion is wrong because it supports irresponsibility by parents. It gives the unborn children no choice or opportunity at life. In addition, instead of abortion, parents could put up the child for adoption, benefiting people that cannot have children of their own. Abortion supportsRead MoreThe Arizona Constitution Essay1221 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Taft vetoed the first document for Arizona to become a state because he did not believe that citizens should use recall to remove judges from office (SU, 2008). This essay will give a detail timeline of the events leading up to Arizona becoming a state and the adoption of the Arizona Constitution. Also, included in this essay is a brief history of the events that influence Arizona Declaration of Rights. 1756 1756-1763: War between the French and Indian( Seven Years War) 1776 A Spanish fortRead MoreEssay about Pro-Choice Doesnt Mean Pro-Abortion758 Words   |  4 Pagesabortions are 20% and girls under 15 accounts for 1.2%. They are much more likely to leave of school; receive insufficient prenatal care; rely on public assistance to raise a child; develop health problems; or end up divorced. So in the whole scheme of things it’s safer and better for the mother to get an abortion, if that’s what she wants. Adoption is not an alternative to abortion, because it remains the womans choice whether or not to give her child up for adoption. Statistics show that very fewRead MoreResponse: Doing Fieldwork Among the Yanomamo956 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Doing Fieldwork among the Yanomamo: Response Shaki, or Napoleon A. Chagnon’s 15 month enculturation with the Yanomamo tribe, Bisaasi-teri is characterized by fear, discomfort, loneliness, nosiness, and invaluable experiences through relationships and modesty about human culture. Chagnon documents the experience through the struggle and discovery surrounding his proposed research, as his lifestyle gradually comes in sync with the natural functions of his community. Much of his focus and timeRead MoreInternational Standard On Auditing Standards1745 Words   |  7 Pages There is generally quite wide acceptance that convergence in accounting and auditing standards is desirable. In this essay, I am going to evaluate the challenge of convergence, why it is necessary and the benefit it brings back for an economy. 1. 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Attendance Monitoring System Free Essays

This advancement and improvement however, requires us to follow it. Like Countries for example, Countries need to cope in the technological change this advancement brings in order to Stay relevant. But Of course some countries however are less fortunate, just look at our country, the Philippines. We will write a custom essay sample on Attendance Monitoring System or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Philippines is a, let’s admit it, a poor country. Governed by poor officials. This results in a lackluster change Technologically speaking and thus, leaves the Philippines in the dust when it comes to technological advancement. Compared to other far more advanced countries, our Country pales in imprison. This gap in technological advancement results in mediocre establishments, businesses, public schools etc. But what is the reason for this? The Government is one thing, but there has to be another reason on why our Country lacks or let’s say falls behind in regards to Technology. We need to look a little deeper, first of all, we lack funds, investments, we are just mere followers and we are not the innovators, at least, technologically speaking. In order to overcome this however, even by at least by a small margin, we need to start from the bottom. It all starts with the employees, Better employees Better and much more work done. Looks simple enough, but I think this is where we need to start. How do we make the employees better though? By their attendance. Attendance is an integral part to know if your employee is working at a high level or if they are working enough. At first glance, this may sound easy enough. Some will probably say that checking an employees attendance is easy, but with our current manual systems, is it accurate? As stated above, we are technologically behind than other countries, they are probably using automated systems that eases the job of everybody. While here, most, but of course NOT ALL of the establishments and companies are using manual systems that takes a lot of time and effort. Now, THAT is where this system comes in. Background of the Study As stated in our long introduction above, the technological gap between the Philippines and other Countries serves as the backbone and the background of this study. Of course this helps out in our study, and is the main reason we aim to do this system. Statement of objectives Our objective is simple, ease the work done, but also improving the work and increasing the work done overall. How to cite Attendance Monitoring System, Papers Attendance monitoring system Free Essays string(85) " also provides a search capability for the user can easily view the student records\." CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Project Context The advancement of technology today has immersed itself towards education. The presence of technology has reached its maximum of providing sustainable technology towards quality education through delivery and effective learning. [l] The Isabella State University Laboratory High School is one of the public high schools that embrace information and communication technology now. We will write a custom essay sample on Attendance monitoring system or any similar topic only for you Order Now As they immersed themselves with technology through their delivery of lessons and other forms brought about by Information technology. Attendance is very important in every student, a ingle absent is big difference in performance in the school. Mostly students Of high school are prone to absences, it is because Of some reasons that they think it is a boring class, laziness to attend the class, some students prefer going to computer shops playing games rather than entering the class and some student cannot refuse the influence of a friend inviting to go with them during class period. Some of this reasons are not reported to the parents or guardians because the way of informing them is the traditional way which is they inviting the parents through telling the students that the parent need mom to school and communicate with the teacher about the absenteeism of the student. This process takes a long process and sometimes parents are not able to come because of some reasons that the parents are busy at work; they are away from the school and have an important matter to take care of. These are the reason why the parents are not informed about the absenteeism of the students. In this manner, the researchers therefore proposed the Parent Portal and Attendance Monitoring System with Short Message Service (SMS). The design and development of the system consists of two platforms. The first platform is the stand alone or window-based system. The stand alone or window-based system’s function is to record attendance. If the student is absent and it is recorded to the stand alone system or window-base system, it will open a form that contains the SMS application that has a function to send a notification to parent that the student is absent. Saving of attendance in the stand alone or window-based system will trigger the second platform which is the parent portal or web- based system to duplicate the recorded attendance of the stand alone or window-based system. In other words, the two platforms will record the attendance simultaneously. The parent portal or web-based system function is to display the recorded attendance. This will allow the registered parents to view the attendance of their own child. The Parent Portal and Attendance Monitoring System with SMS will help the parents to inform about their students. Since there are two platforms that will be develop, informing the parent about the student is also two ways. The first way of informing parent about the attendance of the student is to send a notification using SMS and he second way of informing the parent is to access the Parent Portal or web- based system. The Parent Portal and Attendance Monitoring System with SMS provide a fast way of informing the parent anytime many,’here. Purpose and Description of the Study The study is focused on the attendance monitoring of the students in the school through the design and development of a system providing a means of information on the student’s inputted grades and attendance of the student’s on the school through parent portal and via SMS reminder notification. The study main reason of existence is to send information to the parents. The information composed of the student’s attendance to class. The recorded everyday attendance to class is displayed in the parent portal and if absences occur it automatically sent to parents. The system also includes; inputting of students grades and computation of student’s average per grading period. With the system providing a user-friendly and effective system provides an easier and faster view of data of every student such as when the faculty/ adman is mistaken in the input of grades, the system provides the means Of updating the record. The system can retrieve information from the database ND can view anytime. Objective of the Study General Objective: The design and development of Parent Portal and Attendance Monitoring system aims to provide an interface for the parent to monitor their child’s attendance to school; specifically has the following functionalities: Window- based System 1 . A system that will record the student’s attendance and inputted grade in each subject every grading period. 2. A system that has a web browser feature that will replicate the inputted data in stand-alone system. 3. A system that will create an account for parents to have an access to the parent portal SMS Application 4. Send an SMS to the parents telling them if their son/daughter is absent. Parent Portal 5. A web-based system that will display the inputted records in the stand alone system. 6. A web-based system that will compute the average of a student per grading period. 7. A web-based system that will display the rank of the student. 8. A web-based system that will print report. Scope and Limitations of the Project The proposed parent portal and attendance monitoring system with SMS is designed and developed for the whole school year 2012-2013 at Isabella State University Laboratory High School. The design and development of the project shall compose of two distinct functionalities such a windows-based system and web-based system. In terms of windows-based system, the system’s function is on the recording of class attendances and inputting computed grades. The system also manages the user registration to the system such as; Adman of the Window-based system and Guardian who are the user of the parent portal and receiver of the notifications via SMS- The system provides functionality of recording the individual records of the dents such as attendance and inputted grade in every grading period in the school. The system also provides a search capability for the user can easily view the student records. You read "Attendance monitoring system" in category "Papers" The system also provides the functionality of sending notification and reminder via SMS. These notifications are the absences of the student. The reminder will sent to the parents for them to know what is happening to the student. In terms of the parent portal, the services provided the parent, the ability to view the class attendances and computed grades in every quarter and the ranking of their child in entire grading. The parent can also generate report through printing. The performance in terms of grades, attendances, quizzes, participation, assignment/projects and periodical test misconducts in school quarterly are not to be displayed in parent portal. The functional limitation of the project is based on the functional role of the users to the system and web based system. There are two users to the system, the administrator and the parent. In terms of the adman, it has the capability to perform the recording as well as the updating the records in terms of the students attendance and computed grade in every quarter. Every update and recording of the student’s performance is automatically posted to the Parent Portal. While on the side of the parent, it has the capacity to log in from the web by accessing the web portal. The parents directly view his/ her child performance base on its grades and attendance to school in parent portal. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Related Studies/Theoretical Background There is a significant body of research demonstrating the contribution of parent involvement to student learning. Henderson and Map (2002) reviewed several studies and provided a synthesis of the research findings. The report points to the strong impact of parent involvement on both student achievement and attendance and behavior. Research also indicates that participation declines with grade level, that socioeconomic status and family situation are factors in determining parent involvement and that students want their families to be involved (Epstein, 2002). Perhaps the most widely quoted work is by Epstein (2002) in her model of parent involvement which describes six different categories. Pusher (2007) extends the definition beyond involvement to engagement and argues that engagement is the Lamar of parent connections that truly make a difference for students. Reports in studies are related to project’s objective. Since the parent’s involvement in the student is very important, the researcher’s study is to develop a system that would monitor the students for the parents. All the models speak to the importance of context in understanding parent engagement. While the types of engagement can be described, schools will be successful in working with parents and communities if the staff take time to listen, to understand, and to relate to the families with whom they work Pusher,2007). Each child arrives at school carrying the aspirations of the parent (Marijuana’s, 2002), a family background (Bethel, 2004), and the culture of the family community. In this case, researchers must develop a communication between the staffs and the guardians of the students. The Quest for Communities that Work: Sustaining Student Improvement, An International Symposium for Education and Community Leaders, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada. (Supplied by author) This report highlights the findings Of a research project with the primary purpose of determining if school nuncios have the ability to influence the rate of parental participation in education, with a particular emphasis on the types of involvement that may lead to improved student learning. The secondary purpose of the research project was to identify the ways in which Notation’s parents prefer to be involved in their children’s education. Comments) The study concluded that a deliberate focus and activity related to the Epstein framework did produce a higher level of parental involvement as compared to schools without such a focus. Four recommendations for organizing programs to stimulate parental involvement are made. 1 . Stimulate activity within eight strategic categories of involve ment. These are described in the, an extension of the Epstein (2002) model, adding Attending School Events and Fundraising to the model. Experimental research on the use of progress monitoring to enhance student performance has focused primarily on one form of progress monitoring: Curriculum-Based Measurement (CB). Academic areas frequently assessed using CB include reading mathematics, written expression, and spelling. Criteria that describe the measures used as part of CB include valid and liable indicators of generalized performance, short duration to facilitate frequent administration, a focus on direct and repeated measures of student performance, multiple forms that are inexpensive to create and produce, and sensitivity to changes in student achievement over time. Related Studies In a study developed by Wilson Abacas Learn (1 999), on a Proposed Grading System of Subcategories National School of Arts and Trade Sunday Subcategories Squiring, she noted the following: 1 . Slow Grade Computation 2. Time Consuming 3. Inaccuracy grades 4. Bulky Workload For those reasons, she recommends a computerized system: 1 . To reduce the time and effort in computing grades 2. To provide complete processing needed with efficiency and accuracy 3. To provide accurate grades reports. 2] The study violins Abacas Lorraine has the capacity to record the grades of the students but the grades recorded in the system must inform to parents, in this case the researcher’s used the widely known World Wide Web to browse the grades of the students and see the top performed students and also, the parents can discuss the grades of the students. In a study of Jennifer C. Cotton (2001), on a Proposed Computerized Student Monitoring System of the Information Technology of U niversity of La Salute Santiago City, she noted the following: 1. Slow data processing 2. Inaccuracy of repost 3. Lost of unrecorded files For those reasons, she recommends a computerized System: 1. TO answer data security and fast, accessing of students information 2. TO lessen document in folder because it will already be placed and stored in diskettes for more secured data storage. 3. To make the job of staff, cashier, faster and more accurate. [3] Jennifer C. Cotton proposed a good system UT it is not well managed. The researcher didn’t focus in recording but in disseminating the students’ performance because it is the responsibility of the parent for them to know what is happening. CHAPTER Ill TECHNICAL BACKGROUND In this chapter discuss the technicality of the project by which it describes the type of the project to be developed and its functionality. It also represents the type of application development of the project. Technicality of the Project Figure 1 . Network Architecture The proponents have used the web 2. 0 because it supports the features of he system like AJAX and JAVA script. The data fetched by an Ajax request is typically formatted in XML or SON (JavaScript Object Notation) format; two widely used structured data formats. Since both of these formats are natively understood by JavaScript it can easily use to transmit structured data in their web application. When this data is received via Ajax, the JavaScript program then uses the Document Object Model (DOOM) to dynamically update the web page based on the new data, allowing for a rapid and interactive user experience. The system works and functions in 3-tier architecture, it imposed Of the presentation layer, application layer and persistence layer. From the diagram below describes the architectural layout of the project. In the diagram it represents the different functionalities of the system. From the presentation layer, the faculty, adman and parent are the sole user involve in the system. The application layer is composed of the windows-based system and the web-based system. The window-based system is designed through the use of visual basic. Net application includes the use of a remote modem to send via SMS. While the web-based system is designed using the AJAX development, with CSS tools and other scripting to derive the functionality of the system. On the third layer is the persistence layer in which it is composed of the understanding of the database of all the system developed. Details of Technology to be Use The scope of this section is the discussion on what are the technologies is being used and how did the researcher use these technologies. CAMP 1. 7 or higher Developers will use this as development tool, to allow website designers and programmers to test their work on their own computers without any access to the Internet Myself -pronounced either â€Å"My S-Q-L† or My Sequel,† is an open source relational database management system. It is based on the structure query language (SQL), which is used for adding, removing, and modifying information in the database. Standard SQL commands, such as ADD, DROP, INSERT, and UPDATE can be used with Myself. Myself can be used for a variety of applications, but is most commonly found on Web servers. A website that uses Myself may include Web pages that access information from a database. These pages are often referred to as â€Å"dynamic,† meaning the content of each page is generated from a database as the page loads. Websites that use dynamic Web pages are often referred to as database-driven websites. Myself will use by the researcher because it is one of the database that is compatible with the development of the system. HTML -This is the language that Web pages are written in. If you want to create really great Web pages then you will need to learn this. As far as computer languages go this is the easiest to learn. You can create a Web page without it using a Web page editing program but the program will still use HTML to create the page. [4] CSS;Cascading style sheets re used to format the layout of Web pages. They can be used to define text styles, table sizes, and other aspects of Web pages that previously could only be defined in a page’s HTML. CSS helps Web developers create a uniform look across several pages of a Web site.. Http://www. Etceteras. Com/definition/CSS] JavaScript-Like Java, this is a programming language designed by Sun Microsystems, in conjunction with Netscape that can be integrated into standard HTML pages. While JavaScript is based on the Java syntax, it is a scripting language, and therefore cannot be used to create stand-alone orgasm. Instead, it is used mainly to c reate dynamic, interactive Web pages. For example, Web developers can use JavaScript to validate form input, create image rollovers, and to open those annoying pop-up windows. Like so many other things, we have to take the good with the bad. AJAX- stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. This is the latest technology on web development that allows the user to interact with the links without reloading the page. IV. Net-(Visual Basic . NET) is an object-oriented programming language from Microsoft. It is the . NET version of the Visual Basic (IV) regaining language. Like all . NET languages, IV. NET uses the Common Language Runtime (CLC) for program execution. IV. NET is substantially different from traditional Visual Basic, which has been the most popular language for developing Windows applications. Modem- device that enables computers, facsimile machines, and other equipment to communicate with each other across telephone lines or over cable television network cables. In the strictest sense, a modem is a device that converts between analog signals, such as sound waves, and digital signals, which are used by computers. However, the term has also come to include devices that permit the transmission of entirely digital signals. Cellular Phone-A portable telephone that uses wireless cellular technology to send and receive phone signals. This technology works by dividing the Earth into small regions called cells. Within each cell the wireless telephone signal goes over its assigned bandwidth to a cell tower, which relays the signal to a telephone switching network, connecting the user to the desired party. [6] How the Project will Work? To disseminate the information on the parents, the projects works in a client based system. It shows how the project work and how the process done in all layers. From the presentation layer, where the client’s interface or the parents, to application layer, where the administrator or the staff of the faculty, to persistence layer or the database layer of the system, the system is being explained in further details. There are two kinds of system to be used view the information; through SMS and through Web Portal. It means that there are also TV’0 presentation layers, two application layers and two persistence layers. As you can see above figure, there are two users which are the parents, two application areas which are the application server of the window base application and the hobnobbing server and two database servers. To disseminate information on the parents, data and information must gather beforehand to record or save in the database of the system and ready to be viewed by the parents. In order to collect data, the adman records the student grades every grading period to the system after able to collect all the grades from their subject teacher. One distinct feature of the system is that it automatically sends notification or reminder to the parent via SMS whenever his child incurs absences in school. It also automatically updates the record from the parent portal whenever there are updates made from the system. On the side Of the web-based system, the adman can therefore reply back to all query posted from the web portal by the parents. METHODOLOGY Requirement Specification Operational Feasibility Fishbone Diagram One of the most effective method to track the root cause or problem of the agency or at the area were the study were taken which is the school, fishbone method is being used because researcher can determine what problems are going to solve when the system is being implemented. The diagram below wows what are the data gathered by the researchers. It shows the cause and effect of the current system of the school. Figure 2. Fishbone Diagram of the Project Functional Decomposition Diagram FED is a diagram that shows the breakdown structure in smallest component of the system that the researchers going to develop after studying analyzing the data that are gathered in feasibility and planning phase. This will help track the functionalities of the system and let you know the features that can are being added into the system. This diagram shows all the processes of the system. It will help the searchers on creating DEED because it is similar to context diagram that all processes are being displayed in one diagram. How to cite Attendance monitoring system, Papers

Investigate How the Risk Relates to the Potential Earning Management

Questions: 1. Discuss the risks auditors face when considering management earnings management practices?2. Are auditing standards important and do they matter?3. Discussion on Cyber-security, auditing and audit committees?4. Discuss these pictures as views of the audit function? Answers: 1. Discuss the risks auditors face when considering management earnings management practices The study tries to investigate how the risk relates to the potential earning management of the company that impacts the auditing services (DeFond Jiambalvo, 1991). In context of the present developments that includes about the companies like Lernaut, Enron, Hauspie, and Xerox, it is appropriate to follow how the auditors could actually deal with the different risks earning management (DeFond Jiambalvo, 1991). Its noted that not only the companies tries to suspect about the manipulation of earnings, but even their auditors who has tried to prevent or either corrected this kind of manipulation. As per Butler, Leone Willenborg (2002), the auditors could actually deal with the risk earning management in five different ways such as they could actually screen out the clients with high risk, they can charge the free premium in case of the risky clients, they can enhance the efforts of clients, they can even try to negotiate for the adjustments towards the financial statements, and they c an even report conservatively through issuing the updated report towards the clients of high risk (Butler, Leone Willenborg, 2002). Apparently the earning management is not considered as the common practice within the companies of Australia and in other countries (Butler, Leone Willenborg, 2002). Its noted that this management practice might have the bad results for both the companies and investors (Dellaportas, Yapa Sivanantham, 2008). For example, HIH in the Australia presents the information that is actually not faithful of what is actually happening within the company and even the managers make use of the magic realism in order to bring out the results that lead the company to get collapse and the work of the auditors without any credibility (Burilovich Katelus, 1997). For the purpose of understanding why the managers have actually done this, it is significant to analyze the incentives, which are behind it along with the role and regulations of the auditors for helping to prevent it (Burilovich Katelus, 1997). Prior research conducted on the audit hours and fees has also offered the great deal of the facts, about which the auditors are actually sensitive in context of pricing and also conduct the audits towards the conditions that heighten the risks (Burilovich Katelus, 1997). Bradshaw, Richardson Sloan (2001) has actually shown about the unusual levels about the accruals that are related with the laws against the auditors (Dellaportas, Yapa Sivanantham, 2008). Therefore, the key question that arose is whether the management of earning is perceived under the risky conditions through the auditors, and the necessitating adjustments in the way they actually deal with the clients (Bradshaw, Richardson Sloan, 2001). The huge research conducted on the audit fees has clearly demonstrated which fees are actually sensitive towards the conditions, which enhances the risk for the auditors (Dellaportas, Yapa Sivanantham, 2008). However, the previous research has tried to link all the measures abo ut the potential management of earnings towards the audit fees which is scarce (Bradshaw, Richardson Sloan, 2001). In the current study about the evaluation of client acceptance, Bedard Johnstone (2002) has found that the partners of audit has planned over the charging rates of higher billing when the risk of earning management was high (Dellaportas, Yapa Sivanantham, 2008). Bedard Johnstone (2002) along with the subsequent research has tried to well establish that the fees of audit is quite sensitive in the risky conditions like the size of the clients, composition of asset, complexity, risk of business, industry, structure of ownership, financial distress along with risk of litigation (Bedard Johnstone, 2002). These studies has clearly tried to shown about the basic model of the audit fees which is robust all across the time period, composition of sample, and countries (Bradshaw, Richardson Sloan, 2001). Research which has tried to examine the efforts of audit has made use of the models that are similar to the one which is used for the fees and has also explored that efforts of audit is responsive to various risky conditions (Bedard Johnstone, 2002). However, it is noted that the previous research conducted over the audit efforts is less cohesive as well as extensive, due to its examination about the efforts at various levels in terms of activity, aggregate and rank and is limited through the lack of data availability (Bartov, Gul Tsui, 2000). It is noted that the auditors try to perceive about the risk of earning management to be same like the conditions of risk, which leads towards the high fees and more efforts of audit (Dellaportas, Yapa Sivanantham, 2008). Its true that auditors can also charge the risk premium, enhance the efforts of audit, along with substitutes with the experienced personnel in the audit for responding towards the risk (Bartov, Gul Tsui, 2000). In order to minimize the risk of audit, it is required by the auditors to conduct the assessment of risk in which they could explore about the indication of fraud and even explore the important risks, which also need the special focus (Bartov, Gul Tsui, 2000). It is also important to hold the sample of representation in order to avoid the sampling risk (Dellaportas, Yapa Sivanantham, 2008). There are various standards of auditing that relates with the issues of earning management, such as SAS 57 that is auditing accounting estimates, SAS 90 that is audit committee communications, and SAS 57 that tries to warn the bias potential for the purpose of determining the accounting estimates, which also implies that the auditors are encouraged and even expect to become more effective in the audits execution and supports in preventing the practices (Bartov, Gul Tsui, 2000). 2. Are auditing standards important and do they matter? Proper understanding about the economic role in the standards of auditing is the significant step in enhancing the audit efficiency as well as effectiveness (Asare, Hackenbrack Knechel, 1994). This study will try to observe about the standards of auditing, which are crucial in the case when auditors might have incentive towards under the audit (Dellaportas, Yapa Sivanantham, 2008). While its conclusion might not be surprise, but the conditions under the standards might holds the expected impacts over the quality of audit (Asare, Hackenbrack Knechel, 1994). Specifically, the study will explore about the observations related to what actually standards are, as auditing standards can try to compensate towards the lack of observe-ability of results of audit through stressing over the process audit (Asare, Hackenbrack Knechel, 1994). It also represents the mitigation of the benefits of information that is possessed through the auditors as the professional experts, which try to motivate the auditors (Baber, Brooks and Ricks, 1987). It also tries to counterbalance the demand of diversity in various stakeholders, which try to drive the audit towards the lesser denominator and also try to develop the market base over the adverse choice (Baber, Brooks and Ricks, 1987). It also offer the benchmark that try to facilitate the auditors calibration towards the legal liability within the event of the substandard audit. However, it also present the observations related to what the standards should need not try to do (Dellaportas, Yapa Sivanantham, 2008). Its noted that standards need not try to discourage the judgment use through the auditors (Baber, Brooks and Ricks, 1987). It should also set the limit for the potential demands towards economically valuable assurance level, and it should also be set according to the agenda of enforcement, and it should also lead towards the excessive routine of procedural while conducting the audit (Baber, Brooks and Ricks, 1987). At last the auditing standards might overreach and even undermine the value of economy in audit for various stakeholders and this lead towards the fee pressure for the firms of auditing (Baber, Brooks and Ricks, 1987). This insight might inform about the debates for future related to the level and various standards, which were appropriate for the profession of auditing (Dellaportas, Yapa Sivanantham, 2008). The Auditing standards is establish through the board of Australian auditing standards in order to review the companies under the s336 of the 2001 Corporations Act and also support in generating the report of audit in order to offer the high assurance level to the users in the financial information (Baber, Brooks and Ricks, 1987). Its noted that Australian securities and investment commission has registered the auditors in order to monitor the auditing companies compliance and auditors into the standards of auditing (Westfield, 2003). Partakers in the auditing standards play integral role in the economic cycle of the country. They are actually devised and has even enacted for protecting the interest of the public in order to permit the economic resources distribution towards the credible entities (Westfield, 2003). For example, in HIH, the corporate collapse happen in the year 2010 that provide the auditors independence and put the standards of auditing at the radar. Westfield (2003) has also proclaimed the accomplice in order to hide the scandal of HIH (Westfield, 2003). Significance for holding the high standards of auditing in the country is initiated for attracting the foreign direct investors through offering them with the high assurance of audit. Global business is also trending due to the result of globalization and investors could invest their capital when the standards of auditing might differentiate from the Global standards of auditing (Pratt Peursem, 1996). Standards of auditing, which gratifies the e xpectation level of the global investors includes the risk of audit and portrays the materiality, reliability and the integrity of market (Pratt Peursem, 1996). Auditors can also offer the facts of their facts of the compliance with the standards of auditing in order to defense and the fraudulent organization that is ordered through the court to actually undergo the investigation of Australian securities and investment commission. Mak, Cooper, Deo Funnell (2005) also mention that due to the gap in expectations among the unrealistic belief in the society and the real job of the auditor, the standards of auditing is actually anticipated to be much high and its also capable while dealing with the detected frauds (Mak, Cooper, Deo Funnell, 2005). Nonetheless, even by the standards of auditing holds the guidelines for dealing with the frauds, a change in the attitude of the auditors could actually recourse towards the lesser performance, which own towards the interest conflicts, lack in experience and compromise in the independence (Mak, Cooper, Deo Funnell, 2005). Its noted that auditing standards also matters in the purpose of the audit assurance. It even improves the confidence degree of the users in the financial information through offering the reports of high quality audit (Mak, Cooper, Deo Funnell, 2005). 3. Discussion on Cyber-security, auditing and audit committees Cyber-Security Cyber security is implies as the security of information technology that focuses over protecting the networks, computers, data and programs through the unauthorized or either unintended access, changes or either through destruction (Hassink, Meuwissen Bollen, 2010). Corporations, governments, hospitals, military, financial institutions and various other businesses gathered, stored or either process for the purpose of large confidential data of the computers and this information is then transmitted across the networks (Hassink, Meuwissen Bollen, 2010). Through the increasing volume and through the cyber-attacks sophistication, more and more attention is placed for protecting the sensitive business along with personal information in order to safeguard the security of the nation (Hassink, Meuwissen Bollen, 2010). Cyber security standards try to enable the companies to practice the techniques of safe security (Dellaportas, Yapa Sivanantham, 2008). These guides also offer the basic outlines and particular techniques for the purpose of implementing the cyber security (Hassink, Meuwissen Bollen, 2010). In specific standards, certification of the cyber security by the help of accredited body could be easily achieved. There are many benefits, which are required for obtaining the certification, which includes the ability to receive the insurance of cyber security (Hassink, Meuwissen Bollen, 2010). Auditing The aim of the auditing process is to promote the administration of program and financial management in effective way, in order to ensure about the governance integrity (Anderson Zghal, 1994). The basic purpose of the audit is actually to evaluate the operations through the perspective towards enhancing the future performance (Anderson Zghal, 1994). The auditing report that holds the joint efforts from the part of auditor and agency is considered as the final result of the process of audit (Code of Conduct: Audit and Risk Committee Chairs and Members, 2015). In this recommendations from the auditing reports could be made use by just adjusting the priorities, policies or either procedures for making the operation more effective, efficient as well as economical Code of Conduct: Audit and Risk Committee Chairs and Members, 2015). Its noted that all the audits are actually conducted according to the standards of government auditing, and is applied in the local laws, federal, state and regulations Code of Conduct: Audit and Risk Committee Chairs and Members, 2015). Auditors also play crucial role in order to ensure about the reliability and integrity of the public companies financial statements (Dirsmith McAllister, 1982). Currently, in Australia, the objectivity and the independence of the auditors is the key issue and has even brought the forefront (DeAngelo,1981). Its noted that new rules are also proposed in order to deal with such concerns (Dirsmith McAllister, 1982). This has lead towards the adoption of the new needs that should be followed by the Australian auditors (Dellaportas, Yapa Sivanantham, 2008). There are many user groups, which holds the economic consequences at both the lobbied and stake towards the Securities and Exchange and commission that could be a good solution (Wilson Root, 1989). This was also performed by the submission of the comments towards SEC and by participating in the hearing of public that permit to have the discussion on proposed rules (Wilson Root, 1989). Audit Committee The role of audit committee has become important in order to remain up to date as well as aware about the changes towards the responsibilities (Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 2015). The audit committee acts under the delegated authority that offers links between the groups. It can pressurize the board for addressing the financial reporting and for controlling the internal issues (Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 2015). The responsibilities of the audit committee could be determined by complying with the needs of FMA Regulations and Act and CAG Act and regulations. As per FMA regulation 2C, it includes governance framework of agency and mechanism for assurance, main risks related to the agency, which includes risk associated with the program delivery and its implementation (Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 2015). In CAC entities, the functions of Audit Committee are to conduct entity governance arrangement, in order to ensure about the risks and operations. It also covers business risk of entity and offer independent assurance. It also takes inputs from the stakeholders (Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, 2015). 4. Discuss these pictures as views of the audit function The picture brings out the statement The opinion that counts, which set out the opinion of the auditor in the scope of the audit. The opinion comprises of the records as well as procedures of for producing the statements, and the opinion of the accountants related to the financial statements clearly presents the picture about the financial condition of the company (PWC Australia, 2015). There are different opinions, one is the clear opinion about the financial statement of the company that tries to present the actual picture of an organization and comply with accounting principles. These opinions decide the scope of the audit. There is also a adverse opinion, which is also referred as warning (PWC Australia, 2015). The other well known opinion is the going concern exception, which doubts about the ability of an organization. The picture depicts the scene of the meeting between the audit committee members. These meetings are held for monitoring the audit process of an organization and for analyzing the activities of internal control (PWC Australia, 2015). The picture shows that there are seven audit members and one is chair person. All the members have not put their documents in proper way and members are looking lazy in the meeting. The focused agenda of the meetings is on top of the checklist and it depicts the dedication as well as strength of the members for performing their duty (PWC Australia, 2015). The picture also displays the qualities of strong leadership. The audit committee meetings in the company are held for 4-5 times annually in order to explain the weariness (Causholli, Knechel, Lin Sappington, 2013). The picture shows the unethical behavior of the members that could be deemed under the board of Australian auditing standards, society and the shareholders. The picture even depicts the unp rofessional behavior by the audit committee members, and this clearly insinuates how challenging the job of auditor is (Causholli, Knechel, Lin Sappington, 2013). This picture clearly reflects about the process of internal auditing (Causholli, Knechel, Lin Sappington, 2013). This process is mainly used for evaluating the companys internal process along with verifying the regulations and then giving recommendations in bringing improvement in internal process (Standards Australia, 2015). Both the internal and the external process of auditing are executed with certain aim, integrity, due care, confidentiality of the information, and through professional competence and behavior (Causholli, Knechel, Lin Sappington, 2013). The pictures mention that internal auditing clearly presents every task, which are completed and afterwards how the management review is conducted in the reports (Standards Australia, 2015). Through analyzing the task, auditors document every work and that too within the set time limit (Causholli, Knechel, Lin Sappington, 2013). This helps in ensuring that management gets the enough time in conducting the quality improvement an d performance review for mitigating the risk (Standards Australia, 2015). References Anderson, T., Zghal, D. (1994). The pricing of audit services: Further evidence from the Canadian market. Accounting and Business Research, 5, 195207. Asare, S. K., Hackenbrack, K., Knechel, W. R. (1994). Client acceptance and continuation decisions. In Audit Symposium XII: Proceedings of the 1994 Deloitte Touche/Kansas Symposium on Auditing Problems. Lawrance, KS: University of Kansas Press. Auditing and Assurance Standards Board. (2015). Retrieved January 31, 2015, from https://www.auasb.gov.au/Pronouncements/Foreword-to-AUASB-Pronouncements.aspx Baber, W., Brooks, E., and Ricks, W. (1987). An empirical investigation of the market for audit services in the public sector. Journal of Accounting Research, 8, 293305. Barton, J. (2005). Who cares about auditor reputation? Contemporary Accounting Research, 22(3), 549586. Bartov, E., Gul, F. A., Tsui, J. S. L. (2000). Discretionary-accruals models and audit qualifications. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 12, 421452. Bedard, J. C., Johnstone, K. M. (2002). Auditors assessments of and responses to earnings management risk and corporate governance risk. Northeastern University. Bedard, J. C., K. M. Johnstone. (2010). Audit partner tenure and audit planning and pricing. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 29(2), 4570. Bradshaw, M. T., Richardson, S. A., Sloan, R. G. (2001). Do analysts and auditors use information in accruals? Journal of Accounting Research, 6, 4574. Burilovich, L. S., Katelus, S. C. (1997). Auditors influence on earnings management: Evidence from the alternative minimum tax. Journal of Applied Business Research, 7, 922. Butler, M. B., Leone, A. J., Willenborg, M. (2002). An empirical analysis of auditor reporting and its association with abnormal accruals. University of Rochester. Causholli, M., Knechel, W.R., Lin, H. Sappington, D. E. M. (2013). Competitive procurement of auditing services with limited information. European Accounting Review, 4, 1-6. Code of Conduct: Audit and Risk Committee Chairs and Members. (2015). Retrieved January 31, 2015, from https://www.treasury.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/25127/Code_of_Conduct_-_Audit_and_Risk_Committee_Chairs_and_Members.pdf Cullinan, C. P., Earley, C. E. Roush, P.B. (2013). Multiple auditing standards and standard setting: Implications for practice and education. Current Issues in Auditing, 7(1), 110. DeAngelo, L. (1981). Auditor size and audit quality. Journal of Accounting Economics, 3(3), 183199. DeFond, M. L., Jiambalvo, J. (1991). Incidence and circumstance of accounting errors. The Accounting Review, 7, 643655. Dellaportas, S., Yapa, P. W. S., Sivanantham, S. (2008). Internationalizing auditing standards: stakeholder views on Australia's strategic directions. Managerial Auditing Journal, 3, 1-4 Dirsmith, M. W., McAllister, J. P. (1982). The organic versus the mechanistic audit. Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance, 5(3), 214228. Hassink, H., Meuwissen, R., Bollen, L. (2010). Fraud detection, redress and reporting by auditors. Managerial Auditing Journal, 861, 1-3. Mak, T., Cooper, K., Deo, H., Funnell, W. (2005). Audit, accountability and an auditor's ethical dilemma: A case study of HIH Insurance. Asian Review of Accounting, 12(2), 1-20. Pratt, M. J., Peursem, K. V. (1996). Auditing Risk, Materiality Judgement Standards: An International Comparison. Managerial Finance, 96, 1-6. PWC Australia. (2015). Retrieved January 31, 2015, from https://www.pwc.com.au/assurance/publications/audit-committee-guide/ethical-regulatory-compliance-matters.htm Standards Australia. (2015). Retrieved January 31, 2015, from https://www.standards.org.au/: https://www.standards.org.au/StandardsDevelopment/What_is_a_Standard/Pages/default.aspx Westfield, M. (2003). HIH: The inside story of Australia's biggest corporate. Brisbane: John Wiley Sons. Wilson, J.D. Root, J.J. (1989). Internal Auditing Manual 2nd ed. Warren Gorham Lamont.

Immigration Admissions and Control Policies

The United States should strengthen its immigration policy to afford all immigrants security, equal employment opportunities, and social services. The policy should allow for documenting all legal and illegal immigrants in the United States. During documentation and subsequent action, special considerations should be given to illegal women and girls, as they are more vulnerable to exploitation and abuse. The vices spoil our immigration heritage.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Immigration Admissions and Control Policies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The United States lead other nations in development, research, and technology because of superior human resources and infrastructure. In this regard, the Obama administration should increase the number of work-based immigration visas to immigrants. These visas should be given to specialists and highly skilled individuals wishing to stay in America. They should be given permanent visas so that they can effectively contribute to the development of the United States. Specialists and skilled workers contribute to innovation of crucial technologies that save the country huge costs by increasing efficiency and reducing the need for manual labor. The benefits outweigh the costs hence the policy should strengthen this work visas. Temporary work visas should be given to unskilled immigrant workers, wishing to work in the country. Unskilled workers contribute to the development of the country as Americans shun certain jobs. The policy should make available more temporary-work-visas to immigrants. This should neutralize the market forces that fuel illegal migration to fill unskilled job demands. Legal and illegal immigrants contribute millions of dollars to the nation’s economy through reduced production costs, and increased production. The immigration work policy should strengthen the country’s efforts in reducing the number of illegal immigrants entering the country rather than deport the immigrants already in the country. Immigration to the United States remains attractive to many foreigners because great difference exists between America and other countries. Tough immigration laws restrict the free movement of immigrants to the United States but these laws do little to stop the trend. Immediate countries bordering the United States have the greatest number of legal and illegal immigrants coming into the United States yearly. Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The policy should address the great differences existing with its neighbors. Allowing more legal migration can also stem the flow of illegal migrants, as the jobs they come to seek may be unavailable. Organized crime gangs facilitate illegal migration by offering them transport and safe houses. The government should crack on these gangs to stop illega l immigration across the porous borders. The policy should address the porous borders allowing entry of illegal migrants. Boarder surveillance should be more stringent. If the government decides to offer more immigration visas to solve this problem, there needs to be strict enforcement of illegal migration hiring in the United States as well as strict boarder monitoring to stop the flow. There exists negative public opinion towards immigrants in America especially during economic downturns. Many people have not recognized the contribution of illegal migrants to the economy and thus their opinions are biased. The media and ignorant politicians spread these false hoods. The policy should aim at sensitizing the public on the benefits of legal migrants to the country. Legal immigrants should be taxed according to the country laws to avoid discrimination. Illegal migration hiring should however be discouraged through all possible means. This essay on Immigration Admissions and Control Policies was written and submitted by user Frankie Holcomb to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

China Close to Investing Pension Fund Overseas †Business Essay

China Close to Investing Pension Fund Overseas – Business Essay Free Online Research Papers China Close to Investing Pension Fund Overseas Business Essay Beijing has asked foreign institutions to apply to manage its holdings overseas, bringing closer formal approval for billions of dollars of pension funds to be invested in foreign stocks and bonds after nearly six years of debate on the issue in China. The National Social Security Fund, established in 2000 by the central government as a kind of pension fund of last resort, said in a notice on its website that foreign managers could apply for mandates to invest its money by the end of June. The fund had total assets of US$26.5bn by the end of 2005, with only a small proportion, US$1.57bn, held overseas. Much of the NSSF’s assets have been raised through a government policy which directs state-owned enterprises listing overseas to set aside 10 per cent of the proceeds to go into the fund’s coffers. Although the NSSF’s funds overseas are relatively small at the moment, they are expected to grow gradually in coming years to become a much-sought mandate for investment managers. The NSSF is also blazing a trail for Chinese institutions and individuals to invest their holdings and savings overseas, a detailed plan for which is now being studied in Beijing. The fund has laid out a series of rules for investing its money offshore, stipulating that any approved managers must have had at least US$5bn under management for the past year, a relatively small amount, and have been operational for six years. For the first time, the rules posted on the NSSF’s website also lay out in detail the rates of return that the fund expects its managers to achieve through its investments in both stocks and bonds. â€Å"There is going to be a rush among qualified institutions to apply, and they only have a relatively small, six-week window,† said Peter Alexander, of Z-Ben Advisers, a Shanghai-based consultancy. Beijing has been in a bind for years about how to manage the fund’s money, most of which has been left languishing on low-yielding bank accounts in China. The likelihood that money invested overseas would deliver higher returns has been balanced against worries about supervising such investments and pressure from the local stock exchange to put the money into local equities. In line with China’s style of managing the introduction of reforms, the government has quietly allowed the fund in recent years to leave hundreds of millions of dollars raised in Chinese overseas listings offshore, instead of repatriating the cash to China. â€Å"We would expect that they have a massive amount of money in cash,† said Mr Alexander. Earlier this year, the fund established a trading account in Hong Kong, allowing it to keep its assets in the shares of listing Chinese companies and benefit from any rise in their price. Shares in Hunan Non-Ferrous Metals, for example, rose 82 per cent on their debut in March in Hong Kong, to the great benefit of the fund. By contrast, the NSSF had been frustrated by its involvement in the US$9.2bn Initial Public Offering of China Construction Bank last year, which left it with about US$900m in cash but no ability to benefit from the lender’s soaring stock price thereafter. Research Papers on China Close to Investing Pension Fund Overseas - Business EssayLifes What IfsTwilight of the UAWDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Project Managment Office SystemIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of India

Pain and the Role of the Nurse in Helping Patients Manage Factors Assignment - 1

Pain and the Role of the Nurse in Helping Patients Manage Factors affecting it - Assignment Example Pain is difficult phenomenon to define. This is because of it is a personal and subjective experience and no tow people will experience pain in exactly the same way. It has been defined in many ways. The International Association of Pain (IASP) defines it as â€Å"an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.† A second definition defines pain as â€Å"†whatever the experiencing person says it is, and existing whenever the person says it does.† Al these explain to us that acrually there is no standard definition of pain but it can be seen as something that makes a person uncomfortable and therefore necessitates the individual to seek medical attention because they are unable to stand the its effects. There exist behavioural and emotional factors that contribute to pain. The behavioural factors include any habit or action of an individual that contributes to the pain syndrome. The factors can be contorlled by the individual, they are modifiable and thus can respond to behaviour modification programs. These may include factors such as improper jaw opening, continuous application of pressure on body parts, gum chewing etc. on the other hand emotional factors are the psychological factors that contribute to pain and these include stress, depression and anxiety among others. These factors result in pain in many ways and it is important to deal with the root cause of each facotr if the pain is to be managed effectively .

DEcsribe your current clinical experience at West Chester General Research Paper

DEcsribe your current clinical experience at West Chester General Hospital - Research Paper Example My colleagues at the hospital have been very supportive, given that the hospital ER is ever busy, my colleagues and I ensure that time is well managed and all emergency cases are handled with utmost professionals. The staff and faculty interactions are well managed ensuring that there team work is attained and tensions and burnouts due to the high level of work are prevented and incase they occur, they get controlled and solved on time. I am confident my clinical goals will be achieved after the completion of my rotation ,I aspire to be a qualified LPN with specialization in the ER department .More over, I would like to fully incorporate my knowledge and skills in helping millions of sick people in the US and world over ( O’shea, 2008). Since I started my rotation and during my academic years, I have realized that I am very skilled when it comes to clinical matters. This is due to the great passion I posses in regard to this field. More over, after receiving my knowledge in cl ass I am usually eager to put it in practice in the best ways. However, I have also noticed that my greatest weakness is documentation; I tend to concentrate so much on the practical side that I sometimes forget to note down whatever I have been working on. I have a plan in place to assist me improve in this area of professionalism, one of the plans is ensure that I constantly use my diary when going around my duties. After my rotation, at West Chester General Hospital, I expect to gain more and sufficient experience as an LPN with special skills at an ER post. I look forward to be a great team player, with excellent organizational and communication .I believe that my faculty and staff interaction during my time at the institution will enable me achieve this (Weishapple, 2001). My clinical area of interest is becoming an emergency trauma and a legal nursing, so far my experience as an LPN in the ER, has motivated me to further my studies in the same area. I noticed that most patient s were devastated after being admitted at the hospital ER and working in the same room and offering psychological assistance will give me great satisfaction. Providing care to patients with severe injuries and having to act fast and think quickly on my feet will set the right ground in terms of experience to practice as a legal nurse in future. Besides that ,I plan to become a legal nurse to assist patients ,attorneys, insurance companies and other healthcare professional to deal with medical legal cases .Before becoming a legal nurse consultant, I know that I ought to have gained adequate experience in nursing ,probably I will pursue this field after practicing for some time as an emergency and trauma nurse. I would like to face new challenges where I will have to extensively understand medical terminologies and set aside enough time away form hospital procedures to concentrate in this field. I understand what it takes to be an emergency trauma nurse and legal consultant and I am r eady to for it. In 5-10 years, I can foresee myself as a successful nurse practitioner in the United States of America. During the first five years, I will be concentrating

Advertising in mass media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Advertising in mass media - Essay Example Unlike other forms of indoctrination; this approach is mild and oblique in its approach. Advertisers do not challenge prevailing values and ideas. They preferred to introduce new terms of fulfillment and satisfaction. The most predominant theme echoed in several advertisements throughout the ages is the superiority of capitalism and consumer culture. Marketers make it appear as though consumer goods are the ultimate solution for contemporary problems. They tend to obscure distinctions between the rich and poor or the lower and the upper class. Several advertisements contain seemingly exclusive products that should be a reserve for the well to do. However, through the phenomenon of mass production, these products can be accessed by any member of society. Marchand describes several instances in which mass media specialists of the 1920s sought to convince buyers that their products would equalize their status (82). A wealthy socialite could afford the finest china or expensive butler, but they still enjoyed the same brand of coffee that typical citizens bought. Alternatively, a marketer might claim that their soap could make women’s hands just as soft as their favorite socialite. In society today, advertisers use celebrities to endorse their products, and make them seem accessible to the common man. These media bodies illustrate that consumer products accord similar comforts to all members of society and thus endorse the status quo. The subtle message behind such advertisers is to obscure the economic inequalities inherent in any capitalist society. If consumers heed to these ideas, they will learn to accept their place in the existing social order. Revolts against the elite or other similar controllers of wealth would be unnecessary if people of all walks of life could enjoy similar things. Furthermore, political leaders would not need to organize a massive wealth redistribution program since the electorate was already satisfied with

Database security and encryption

Database security and encryption Introduction Organisations are increasingly relying on the distributed information systems to gain productivity and efficiency advantages, but at the same time are becoming more vulnerable to security threats. Database systems are an integral component of this distributed information system and hold all the data which enables the whole system to work. A database can be defined as a shared collection of logically related data and a description of this data, designed to meet the information needs of an organization. A database system is considered as a collection of related data, database management system (DBMS) a software that manages (define, create and maintain) and controls the access to the database, and a collection of database application(s) a program that interacts with the database at some point in its execution (typical example is a SQL statement) along with the DBMS and the database itself [1]. Organisations have adopted database systems as the key data management technology for decision-making and day-to-day operations. Databases are designed to hold large amounts of data and management of data involves both defining structures for storage of information and providing mechanisms for manipulation of information. As the data is to be shared among several users the system must avoid anomalous results and ensure the safety of the information stored despite system crashes and attempts at unauthorized access. The data involved here can be highly sensitive or confidential, thus making the security of the data managed by these systems even more crucial as any security breach does not affect only a single application or user but can have disastrous consequences on the entire organisation. A number of security techniques have been suggested over the period of time to tackle the security issues. These can be classified as access control, inference control, flow control, and encryptio n. 1.1 A Short History Starting from the day one when database applications were build using hierarchical and network systems to todays date when we have so many different database systems like relational databases (RDBMS), object-oriented databases (OODBMS), object-relational databases (ORDBMS), eXtended Query (XQUERY); one factor which was, is, and will be of the utmost importance is the security of the data involved. Data always has been a valuable asset for companies and must be protected. Organizations spend millions these days in order to achieve the best security standards for the DBMS. Most of an organizations sensitive and proprietary data resides in a DBMS, thus the security of the DBMS is a primary concern. When we talk of securing a DBMS, this is with respect to both the internal and the external users. The internal users are the organization employees like database administrators, application developers, and end users who just use the application interface, which fetch its data from one of the databases and the external users can be the employees who do not have access to the database or an outsider who has nothing to do with the organization. The other factors which has made data security more crucial is the recent rapid growth of the web based information systems and applications and the concept of mobile databases. Any intentional or accidental event that can adversely affect a database system is considered as a threat to database and database security can be defined as a mechanism that protects the database against such intentional or accidental threats. Security breaches can be classified as unauthorized data observation, incorrect data modification, and data unavailability, which can lead to loss of confidentiality, availability, integrity, privacy, and theft and fraud. Unauthorized data observation results in disclosure of information to users who might not be entitled to have access to such kind of information. Incorrect data modification intentional or unintentional leaves the database in an incorrect state. Data can hamper the functionality of an entire organization in a proper way if not available when needed. Thus the security in terms of databases can be broadly classified into access security and internal security. Access security refers to the mechanisms implemented to restrict any sort of unauthorized access to the database; examples can be authorization methods such as every user has a unique username and password to establish him as a legitimate user when trying to connect to the database. When the user tries to connect to the database the login credentials will be checked against a set of usernames and password combinations setup under a security rule by a security administrator. Internal security can be referred to as an extra level of security, which comes into picture if someone has already breached the access security such as getting hold of a valid username and password, which can help getting access to the database. So the security mechanism implemented within the database such as encrypting the data inside the database can be classed as internal security, which prevents the data to be compromised even if someone has got unauthorized access to the database. Every organization needs to identify the threats they might be subjected to and the subsequently appropriate security plans and countermeasures should be taken, taking into consideration their implementation costs and effects on performance. Addressing these threats helps the enterprise to meet the compliance and risk mitigation requirements of the most regulated industries in the world. 1.2 How Databases are Vulnerable According to David Knox [2], Securing the Database may be the single biggest action an organization can take, to protect its assets. Most commonly used database in an enterprise organization is relational database. Data is a valuable resource in an enterprise organization. Therefore they have a very strong need of strictly controlling and managing it. As discussed earlier it is the responsibility of the DBMS to make sure that the data is kept secure and confidential as it the element which controls the access to the database. Enterprise database infrastructure is subject to an overwhelming range of threats most of the times. The most common threats which an Enterprise Database is exposed to are: Excessive Privilege Abuse when a user or an application has been granted database access privileges which exceeds the requirements of their job functions. For example an academic institute employee whose job only requires only the ability to change the contact information for a student can also change the grades for the student. Legitimate Privilege Abuse legitimate database access privileges can also be abused for malicious purposes. We have two risks to consider in this situation. The first one is confidential/sensitive information can be copied using the legitimate database access privilege and then sold for money. The second one and perhaps the more common is retrieving and storing large amounts of information on client machine for no malicious reason, but when the data is available on an endpoint machine rather than the database itself, it is more susceptible to Trojans, laptop theft, etc. Privilege Elevation software vulnerabilities which can be found in stored procedures, built-in functions, protocol implementations or even SQL statements. For example, a software developer can gain the database administrative privileges by exploiting the vulnerabilities in a built-in function. Database Platform Vulnerabilities any additional services or the operating system installed on the database server can lead to an authorized access, data corruption, or denial of service. For example the Blaster Worm which took advantage of vulnerability in Windows 2000 to create denial of service. SQL Injection the most common attack technique. In a SQL injection attack, the attacker typically inserts unauthorized queries into the database using the vulnerable web application input forms and they get executed with the privileges of the application. This can be done in the internal applications or the stored procedures by internal users. Access to entire database can be gained using SQL injection Weak Audit a strong database audit is essential in an enterprise organization as it helps them to fulfill the government regulatory requirements, provides investigators with forensics link intruders to a crime deterring the attackers. Database Audit is considered as the last line of database defense. Audit data can identify the existence of a violation after the fact and can be used to link it to a particular user and repair the system in case corruption or a denial of service attack has occurred. The main reasons for a weak audit are: it degrades the performance by consuming the CPU and disk resources, administrators can turn off audit to hide an attack, organizations with mixed database environments cannot have a uniform, scalable audit process over the enterprise as the audit processes are unique to database server platform Denial of Service access to network applications or data is denied to the intended users. A simple example can be crashing a database server by exploiting vulnerability in the database platform. Other common denial of service techniques are data corruption, network flooding, server resource overload (common in database environments). Database Protocol Vulnerabilities SQL Slammer worm took advantage of a flaw in the Microsoft SQL Server protocol to force denial of service conditions. It affected 75,000 victims just over 30 minutes dramatically slowing down general internet traffic. [Analysis of BGP Update Surge during Slammer Worm Attack] Weak Authentication obtaining legitimate login credentials by improper way contributes to weak authentication schemes. The attackers can gain access to a legitimate users login details by various ways: by repeatedly entering the username/password combination until he finds the one which works (common or weak passwords can be guessed easily), by convincing someone to share their login credentials, by stealing the login credentials by copying the password files or notes. Backup Data Exposure there are several cases of security breaches involving theft of database backup tapes and hard disks as this media is thought of as least prone to attack and is often completely unprotected form attack [3]. All these security threats can be accounted for unauthorized data observation, incorrect data modification and data unavailability. A complete data security solution must take into consideration the secrecy/confidentiality, integrity and availability of data. Secrecy or confidentiality refers to the protection of data against unauthorized disclosure, integrity refers to prevention of incorrect data modification and availability refers to prevention of hardware/software errors and malicious data access denials making the database unavailable. 1.3 Security Techniques As organizations increase their adoption of database systems as the key data management technology for day-to-day operations and decision-making, the security of data managed by these systems has become crucial. Damage and misuse of data affect not only a single user or application, but may have disastrous consequences on the entire organization. There are four main control measures which can be used to provide security of data in databases. These are: Access Control Inference Control Flow Control Data Encryption Chapter 2 Literature Review Secure and secret means of communication has been always desired for in the field of database systems. There is always a possibility of interception by a party outside of the sender-receiver domain when data is transmitted. Modern digital-based encryption methods form the basis of todays world database security. Encryption in its earlier days was used by military and government organizations to facilitate secret information but in present times it is used for protecting information within many kinds of civilian systems. In 2007 the U.S. government reported that 71% of companies surveyed utilized encryption or some of their data in transit [4]. 2.1 Encryption Encryption is defined as the process of transforming information (plaintext) using an encryption algorithm (cipher) into unreadable form (encrypted information called as ciphertext) making it inaccessible to anyone without possessing special knowledge to decrypt the information. The encoding of the data by a special algorithm that renders the data unreadable by any program without the decryption key, is called encryption [1]. The code and cipher are the two methods of encrypting data. The encryption of data or a message is accomplished by one, or both, of the methods of encoding or enciphering. Each involves distinct methodologies and the two are differentiated by the level at which they are carried out. Encoding is performed at the word or block level and deals with the manipulation of groups of characters. Enciphering works at the character level. This includes scrambling individual characters in a message, referred to as transposition, and substitution, or replacing characters with others. Codes generally are designed to replace entire words or blocks of data in a message with other words or blocks of data. Languages can be considered codes, since words and phrases represent ideas, objects, and actions. There are codes that substitute entire phrases or groups of numbers or symbols with others. A single system may employ both levels of encoding. For example, consider a code encryption scheme as follows: the = jam, man = barn, is = fly, dangerous = rest. Then the message, the man is dangerous, would read in encrypted form, jam barn fly rest. Although overly-simplistic, this example illustrates the basis of codes. With the advent of electrical-based communications, codes became more sophisticated in answer to the needs of the systems. For example, the inventions of Morse code and the telegraph dictated a need for secure transmission that was more sophisticated. Codes are very susceptible to breaking and possess a large exposure surface with regard to interception and decryption via analysis. Also, there are no easily-implemented means by which to detect breaches in the system. The other method of encryption is the cipher. Instead of replacing words or blocks of numbers or symbols with others, as does the code, the cipher replaces individual or smaller sets of letters, numbers, or characters with others, based on a certain algorithm and key. Digital data and information, including vi deo, audio, and text, can be separated into groups, or blocks, of bits, and then manipulated for encryption by such methods as XOR (exclusive OR), encoding-decoding, and rotation. As an example, let us examine the basics of the XOR method. Here, a group of bits (e.g., a byte) of the data is compared to a digital key, and the exclusive-or operation is performed on the two to produce an encrypted result. Figure 2 illustrates the process. Figure 2: The XOR process for Encryption When the exclusive-or operation is performed on the plaintext and key, the ciphertext emerges and is sent. The receiver performs the exclusive-or operation on the ciphertext and the same key, and the original plaintext is reproduced [5]. Encryption can be reversible and irreversible. Irreversible techniques do not allow the encrypted data to be decrypted, but at the same time the encrypted data can be used to obtain valid statistical information. Irreversible techniques are rarely used as compared to the reversible ones. The whole process of transmitting data securely over an insecure network system is called as cryptosystem that includes à » An encryption key to encrypt the data (plaintext) à » An encryption algorithm that transforms the plaintext into encrypted information (ciphertext) with the encryption key à » A decryption key to decrypt the ciphertext à » A decryption algorithm that transforms the ciphertext back into plaintext using the decryption key [1]. 2.2 Encryption Techniques The goals in digital encryption are no different than those of historical encryption schemes. The difference is found in the methods, not the objectives. Secrecy of the message and keys are of paramount importance in any system, whether they are on parchment paper or in an electronic or optical format [5]. Various encryption techniques are available and broadly can be classified into two categories; asymmetric and symmetric encryption. In symmetric encryption the sender and receiver share the same algorithm and key for encryption and decryption and depends on safe communication network for encryption key exchange whereas in asymmetric encryption uses different keys for encryption and decryption. Asymmetric encryption gave birth to the concept of public and private keys and is preferred to symmetric encryption being more secure [1], [5]. 2.2.1 Symmetric Encryption Symmetric encryption also known as single-key encryption or conventional encryption was the only encryption and by far the most widely used of the two types before the concept of public-key encryption came into picture. The figure below illustrates the symmetric encryption process. The original message (plaintext) is converted into apparently random information (ciphertext) using an algorithm and a key. The key is a value independent of the plaintext. The algorithm produces different outputs for specific keys used at the time i.e. the output of the algorithm changes if the key is changed. The ciphertext produced is then transmitted and is transformed back to the original plaintext by using a decryption algorithm and the same key that was used for encryption. Figure: Simplified Model of Conventional Encryption [7 page 22] The model can be better understood by the following example. A source produces a message X = [X1, X2, X3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦XM] in plaintext. The M elements of X are letters in some finite alphabet. The alphabet usually consisted of 26 capital letters traditionally but nowadays; binary alphabet {0,1} is used. An encryption key K = [K1, K2, K3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.KJ] is generated and is shared between the sender and the receiver using a secure channel. Also a third party can generate the encryption key and securely deliver it to both the sender and the receiver. Using the plaintext X and the encryption key K as input, the encryption algorithm produces the ciphertext Y = [Y1, Y2, Y3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.YN] as Y = EK(X) where E is the encryption algorithm and the ciphertext Y is produced as the function of the plaintext X using E. At the receivers end the ciphertext is converted back to the plaintext as X = DK(Y) where D is the decryption algorithm. Figure: Model of Conventional Cryptosystem [7 page 23] The common symmetric block ciphers are Data Encryption Standard (DES), Triple DES, and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 2.2.1.1 The Data Encryption Standard Data Encryption Standard has been used in the most widely used encryption schemes including Kerberos 4.0. The National Bureau of Standards adopted it as a standard in 1977 [7]. DES operates on 64-bit blocks using a 56-bit key. Like other encryption schemes, in DES there are two inputs to the encryption function, the plaintext to be encrypted and the key. The plaintext should be of 64 bits in length and the key length is 56 bits obtained by stripping off the 8 parity bits, ignoring every eighth bit from the given 64-bit key. The output from the algorithm after 16 rounds of identical operations is the 64-bit block of ciphertext. A suitable combination of permutations and combinations (16 times) on the plaintext is the basic building block of the DES. Same algorithm is used for both encryption and decryption except for processing the key schedule in the reverse order [6], [7]. The 64-bit plaintext is passed through an initial permutation (IP) that produces a permuted input by rearranging the bits. This is followed by16 rounds of the same function, which involves both permutation and substitution functions. The last round results in the output consisting of 64-bits that are a function of the input plaintext and the key. The left and the right halves of the output are swapped to produce the preoutput. The preoutput is passed through a final permutation (IP-1), an inverse of the initial permutation function to achieve the 64-bit ciphertext. The overall process for DES is explained in the diagram below Figure: General Depiction of DES Encryption Algorithm [7 page 67] The right hand side of the diagram explains how the 56-bit key is used during the process. The key is passed through a permutation function initially and then for each of the 16 rounds a subkey (Ki) is generated, by combining left circular shift and a permutation. For every round the permutation function is same, but the subkey is different because of the repeated iteration of the key bits. Since the adoption of DES as a standard, there have always been concerns about the level of security provided by it. The two areas of concern in DES are the key length and that the design criteria for the internal structure of the DES, the S-boxes, were classified. The issue with the key length was, it was reduced to 56 bits from 128 bits as in the LUCIFER algorithm [add a new reference], which was the base for DES and everyone suspected that this is an enormous decrease making it too short to withstand brute-force attacks. Also the user could not be made sure of any weak points in the internal structure of DES that would allow NSA to decipher the messages without the benefit of the key. The recent work on differential cryptanalysis and subsequent events indicated that the internal structure of DES is very strong. 2.2.1.2 Triple DES Triple DES was developed as an alternative to the potential vulnerability of the standard DES to a brute-force attack. It became very popular in Internet-based applications. Triple DES uses multiple encryptions with DES and multiple keys as shown in the figure [below]. Triple DES with two keys is relatively preferred to DES but Triple DES with three keys is preferred overall. The plaintext P is encrypted with the first key K1, then decrypted with the second key K2 and then finally encrypted again with the third key K3.According to the figure the ciphertext C is produced as C = EK3[DK2[EK1[P]]] These keys need to be applied in the reverse order while decrypting. The ciphertext c is decrypted with the third key K3 first, then encrypted with the second key K2, and then finally decrypted again with the first key K1; also called as Encrypt-Decrypt-Encrypt (EDE) mode, producing the plaintext P as P = DK1[EK2[DK3[C]]] Figure: Triple DES encryption/decryption [6 page 72] 2.2.1.3 Advanced Encryption Standard 2.3 Encryption in Database Security Organizations are increasingly relying on, possibly distributed, information systems for daily business; hence they become more vulnerable to security breaches even as they gain productivity and efficiency advantages. Database security has gained a substantial importance over the period of time. Database security has always been about protecting the data data in the form of customer information, intellectual property, financial assets, commercial transactions, and any number of other records that are retained, managed and used on the systems. The confidentiality and integrity of this data needs to be protected as it is converted into information and knowledge within the enterprise. Core enterprise data is stored in relational databases and then offered up via applications to users. These databases typically store the most valuable information assets of an enterprise and are under constant threat, not only from the external users but also from the legitimate users such as trusted ins iders, super users, consultants and partners or perhaps their unprotected user accounts that compromise the system and take or modify the data for some inappropriate purpose. To begin with, classifying the types of information in the database and the security needs associated with them is the first and important step. As databases are used in a multitude of ways, it is useful to have some of the primary functions characterized in order to understand the different security requirements. A number of security techniques have been developed and are being developed for database security, encryption being one of them. Encryption is defined as the process of transforming information (plaintext) using an encryption algorithm (cipher) into unreadable form (encrypted information called as ciphertext) making it inaccessible to anyone without possessing special knowledge to decrypt the information. The encoding of the data by a special algorithm that renders the data unreadable by any program without the decryption key, is called encryption [1]. 2.3.1 Access Encryption There are multiple reasons for access control to confidential information in enterprise computing environments being challenging. Few of them are: First, the number of information services in an enterprise computing environment is huge which makes the management of access rights essential. Second, a client might not know which access rights are necessary in order to be granted access to the requested information before requesting access. Third, flexible access rights including context-sensitive constraints must be supported by access control Access control schemes can be broadly classified in two types: proof-based and encryption-based access control schemes. In a proof-based scheme, a client needs to assemble some access rights in a proof of access, which demonstrates to a service that the client is authorized to access the requested information. Proof-based access control is preferred to be used for scenarios where client specific access rights required are flexible. It becomes easy to include support for constraints if the access rights are flexible. However, it is not the same case for covert access requirements. According to the existing designs, it is assumed that a service can inform a client of the nature of the required proof of access. The service does not need to locate the required access rights, which can be an expensive task, in proof-based access control scheme. [9] In an encryption-based access-control scheme, confidential information is provided to any client in an encrypted form by the service. Clients who are authorized to access the information have the corresponding decryption key. Encryption-based access-control scheme is attractive for scenarios where there are lots of queries to a service shielding the service from having to run client-specific access control. As compared to proof-based access control it is straightforward to add support for covert access requirements to existing encryption-based architectures. In particular, all the information is encrypted by the service as usual, but the client is not told about the corresponding decryption key to use. The client has a set of decryption keys, the client now needs to search this set for a matching key. On the other hand, considering that key management should remain simple, it is less straightforward to add support for constraints on access rights to the proposed architectures. [10] 2.3.1.1 Encryption-Based Access Control Encryption-based access control is attractive, in case there are lots of requests for the same information, as it is independent of the individual clients issuing these requests. For example, an information item can be encrypted once and the service can use the ciphertext for answering multiple requests. However, dealing with constraints on access rights and with granularity aware access rights becomes difficult with the uniform treatment of requests. Further challenges are presented in cases of covert access requirements and service-independent access rights. The main requirements for encryption based access control are: à » Any knowledge about the used encryption key or the required decryption key must not be revealed by the encrypted information. à » For decrypting encrypted information, each value of a constraint must require a separate key that should be accessible only under the given constraint/value combination and we want a scheme that supports hierarchical constraints to make key management simple. à » The decryption key for coarse-grained information should be derivable from the key for fine-grained information to further simplify key management. à » A single decryption key will be used to decrypt the same information offered by multiple services as implied by the service-independent access rights. Because of this, same information can be accessed by a service encrypting information offered by other services in a symmetric cryptosystem. This problem can be avoided by using asymmetric cryptosystem. [8] 2.3.1.2 Encryption-Based Access Control Techniques An access-control architecture will be an ideal one if the access rights are simple to manage; the system is constrainable and is aware of granularity. The architecture also has to be asymmetric, provide indistinguishability, and be personalizable in the case of proof-based access control. Some common encryption-based access control techniques are: Identity Based Encryption An identity-based encryption scheme is specified by four randomized algorithms: à » Setup: takes a security parameter k and returns system parameters and master-key. The system parameters include a description of a finite message space m and a description of a finite ciphertext space c. Intuitively, the system parameters will be publicly known, while the master-key will be known only to the Private Key Generator (PKG). à » Extract: takes as input system parameters, master-key, and an arbitrary ID à Ã‚ µ {0,1}*, and returns a private key d. ID is an arbitrary string which is then used as a public key, and d is the corresponding private decryption key. The Extract algorithm extracts a private key from the given public key. à » Encrypt: takes as input system parameters, ID, and M à Ã‚ µ m. It returns a ciphertext C à Ã‚ µ c. à » Decrypt: takes as input system parameters, C à Ã‚ µ c, and a private key d. It returns M à Ã‚ µ m. Standard consistency constraint must be satisfied by these algorithms, especially when d is the private key generated by algorithm Extract when it is given ID as the public key, then à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€š ¬ M à Ã‚ µ m: Decrypt (params, d) = M where C = Encrypt (params, ID, M) [11] Hierarchical Identity-Based Encryption One of the first practical IBE schemes was presented by Boneh and Franklin. Gentry and Silverberg [7] introduced Hierarchical Identity-Based Encryption scheme based on Boneh and Franklins work. In HIBE, private keys are given out by a root PKG to the sub PKGs, which then in turn distribute private keys to individuals (sub PKGs) in their domains. There are IDs associated with the root PKG and the public key of an individual corresponds to these IDs, any sub PKGs on the path from the root PKG to the individual, and the individual. Public parameters are required only from the root PKG for encrypting messages. It has the advantage of reducing the amount o